2. Leone A, Guglielmi G, Cassar-Pullicino VN, Bonomo L. Lumbar intervertebral instability: a review. Radiology 2007 245:62–77.
3. Jahnke RW, Hart BL. Cervical stenosis, spondylosis, and herniated disc disease. Radiol Clin North Am 1991 29:777–91.
4. Landman JA, Hoffman JC Jr, Braun IF, Barrow DL. Value of computed tomographic myelography in the recognition of cervical herniated disk. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1984 5:391–4.
5. Simon JE, Lukin RR. Diskogenic disease of the cervical spine. Semin Roentgenol 1988 23:118–24.
6. Chawla S. Multidetector computed tomography imaging of the spine. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2004 28 Suppl 1:S28–31.
8. Holmes JF, Akkinepalli R. Computed tomography versus plain radiography to screen for cervical spine injury: a meta-analysis. J Trauma 2005 58:902–5.
9. Newton PO, Hahn GW, Fricka KB, Wenger DR. Utility of three-dimensional and multiplanar reformatted computed tomography for evaluation of pediatric congenital spine abnormalities. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2002 27:844–50.
11. Yolcu YU, Lehman VT, Bhatti AU, Goyal A, Alvi MA, Bydon M. Use of hybrid imaging techniques in diagnosis of facet joint arthropathy: a narrative review of three modalities. World Neurosurg 2020 134:201–10.
12. Kwong Y, Rao N, Latief K. MDCT findings in Baastrup disease: disease or normal feature of the aging spine? AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011 196:1156–9.
13. Ghodasara N, Yi PH, Clark K, Fishman EK, Farshad M, Fritz J. Postoperative spinal CT: what the radiologist needs to know. Radiographics 2019 39:1840–61.
14. Selopranoto US, Soo MY, Fearnside MR, Cummine JL. Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine. J Clin Neurosci 1997 4:209–17.
15. Harsh GR 4th, Sypert GW, Weinstein PR, Ross DA, Wilson CB. Cervical spine stenosis secondary to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. J Neurosurg 1987 67:349–57.
16. Hartley KG, Damon BM, Patterson GT, Long JH, Holt GE. MRI techniques: a review and update for the orthopaedic surgeon. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2012 20:775–87.
18. Delfaut EM, Beltran J, Johnson G, Rousseau J, Marchandise X, Cotten A. Fat suppression in MR imaging:techniques and pitfalls. Radiographics 1999 19:373–82.
19. Alyas F, Saifuddin A, Connell D. MR imaging evaluation of the bone marrow and marrow infiltrative disorders of the lumbar spine. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2007 15:199–219.
20. Haughton V, Schreibman K, De Smet A. Contrast between scar and recurrent herniated disk on contrastenhanced MR images. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002 23:1652–6.
21. Rubin JB, Enzmann DR, Wright A. CSF-gated MR imaging of the spine: theory and clinical implementation. Radiology 1987 163:784–92.
23. Modic MT, Feiglin DH, Piraino DW, et al. Vertebral osteomyelitis: assessment using MR. Radiology 1985 157:157–66.
24. Bradley WG Jr, Waluch V, Yadley RA, Wycoff RR. Comparison of CT and MR in 400 patients with suspected disease of the brain and cervical spinal cord. Radiology 1984 152:695–702.
25. Pfirrmann CW, Dora C, Schmid MR, Zanetti M, Hodler J, Boos N. MR image-based grading of lumbar nerve root compromise due to disk herniation: reliability study with surgical correlation. Radiology 2004 230:583–8.
27. Lee S, Lee JW, Yeom JS, et al. A practical MRI grading system for lumbar foraminal stenosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010 194:1095–8.
28. Park HJ, Kim JH, Lee JW, et al. Clinical correlation of a new and practical magnetic resonance grading system for cervical foraminal stenosis assessment. Acta Radiol 2015 56:727–32.
29. Kaniewska M, de Beus JM, Ahlhelm F, et al. Whole spine localizers of magnetic resonance imaging detect unexpected vertebral fractures. Acta Radiol 2019 60:742–8.
31. Williams RL, Hardman JA, Lyons K. MR imaging of suspected acute spinal instability. Injury 1998 29:109–13.
32. Ricart PA, Verma R, Fineberg SJ, et al. Post-traumatic cervical spine epidural hematoma: incidence and risk factors. Injury 2017 48:2529–33.
34. Tan J, Shen L, Fang L, et al. Correlations between posterior longitudinal injury and parameters of vertebral body damage. J Surg Res 2015 199:552–6.
35. Henninger B, Kaser V, Ostermann S, et al. Cervical disc and ligamentous injury in hyperextension trauma: MRI and intraoperative correlation. J Neuroimaging 2020 30:104–9.
36. DeSanto J, Ross JS. Spine infection/inflammation. Radiol Clin North Am 2011 49:105–27.
37. Cadiou S, Robin F, Guillin R, et al. Spondyloarthritis and sarcoidosis: related or fake friends?: a systematic literature review. Joint Bone Spine 2020 87:579–87.
38. Philpott C, Brotchie P. Comparison of MRI sequences for evaluation of multiple sclerosis of the cervical spinal cord at 3 T. Eur J Radiol 2011 80:780–5.
39. Schmid MR, Stucki G, Duewell S, Wildermuth S, Romanowski B, Hodler J. Changes in cross-sectional measurements of the spinal canal and intervertebral foramina as a function of body position: in vivo studies on an open-configuration MR system. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999 172:1095–102.
40. Kitagawa T, Fujiwara A, Kobayashi N, Saiki K, Tamai K, Saotome K. Morphologic changes in the cervical neural foramen due to flexion and extension: in vivo imaging study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2004 29:2821–5.
42. Rudisch A, Kremser C, Peer S, Kathrein A, Judmaier W, Daniaux H. Metallic artifacts in magnetic resonance imaging of patients with spinal fusion: a comparison of implant materials and imaging sequences. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1998 23:692–9.
44. Patenaude Y, Pugash D, Lim K, et al. The use of magnetic resonance imaging in the obstetric patient. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2014 36:349–63.
45. Dawson P. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: possible mechanisms and imaging management strategies. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008 28:797–804.
47. Melhem E, Assi A, El Rachkidi R, Ghanem I. EOS(R) biplanar X-ray imaging: concept, developments, benefits, and limitations. J Child Orthop 2016 10:1–14.
48. Chaibi Y, Cresson T, Aubert B, et al. Fast 3D reconstruction of the lower limb using a parametric model and statistical inferences and clinical measurements calculation from biplanar X-rays. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2012 15:457–66.
49. Humbert L, De Guise JA, Aubert B, Godbout B, Skalli W. 3D reconstruction of the spine from biplanar X-rays using parametric models based on transversal and longitudinal inferences. Med Eng Phys 2009 31:681–7.
50. Dubousset J, Charpak G, Dorion I, et al. A new 2D and 3D imaging approach to musculoskeletal physiology and pathology with low-dose radiation and the standing position: the EOS system. Bull Acad Natl Med 2005 189:287–97.
51. Jordan E, Choe D, Miller T, Chamarthy M, Brook A, Freeman LM. Utility of bone scintigraphy to determine the appropriate vertebral augmentation levels. Clin Nucl Med 2010 35:687–91.
52. Chatziioannou S, Kallergi M, Karampina P, et al. Association between bone scintigraphy features of spinal degeneration and anthropometric and demographic variables. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2015 28:13–8.
53. Acikgoz G, Averill LW. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: typical patterns of bone involvement in whole-body bone scintigraphy. Nucl Med Commun 2014 35:797–807.
54. Demir O, Deniz FE, Oksuz E, Gul SS, Demir O. The role of bone scintigraphy in determining spinal fusion after spinal stabilisation surgery. Turk Neurosurg 2019 29:262–8.
55. Erlemann R. Imaging and differential diagnosis of primary bone tumors and tumor-like lesions of the spine. Eur J Radiol 2006 58:48–67.
56. Gheita TA, Azkalany GS, Kenawy SA, Kandeel AA. Bone scintigraphy in axial seronegative spondyloarthritis patients: role in detection of subclinical peripheral arthritis and disease activity. Int J Rheum Dis 2015 18:553–9.
58. Papathanassiou D, Bruna-Muraille C, Jouannaud C, Gagneux-Lemoussu L, Eschard JP, Liehn JC. Single-photon emission computed tomography combined with computed tomography (SPECT/CT) in bone diseases. Joint Bone Spine 2009 76:474–80.
59. Deyo RA. Diagnostic evaluation of LBP: reaching a specific diagnosis is often impossible. Arch Intern Med 2002 162:1444–7.
61. McDonald M, Cooper R, Wang MY. Use of computed tomography-single-photon emission computed tomography fusion for diagnosing painful facet arthropathy: technical note. Neurosurg Focus 2007 22:E2.
62. Ryan RJ, Gibson T, Fogelman I. The identification of spinal pathology in chronic low back pain using single photon emission computed tomography. Nucl Med Commun 1992 13:497–502.
64. Kwak SY, Boudier-Reveret M, Chang MC. Watch out for slowly progressive weakness of the distal upper limb: it could be chronic acquired demyelinating neuropathy! Ann Palliat Med 2020 9:1285–7.
65. Lee DG, Chang MC. Dorsal scapular nerve injury after trigger point injection into the rhomboid major muscle: a case report. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2018 31:211–4.
66. Rubin DI. Needle electromyography: basic concepts. Handb Clin Neurol 2019 160:243–56.