Asian Spine J > Volume 15(5); 2021 > Article |
|
Conflict of Interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Author | Test method | Follow-up | Results | Level of evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
Antoniadou et al. [10] (2018) | Measurement of the deviation from the vertical gravity with and without visual feedback using an electromagnetic location sensor | One-time measurement | Deviation from the gravitational vertical in AIS patients > control group (especially with closed eyes) | Level 3 |
Byl and Gray [11] (1993) | Equilibrium reactions using a force plate stabilometer with and without the challenge of the somatosensory and visual system (active posturography) | 1 Year (every 3 months) | When the somatosensory / visual system is challenged: fluctuation of AIS patients > control group | Level 3 |
Catanzariti et al. [15] (2014) | Question whether a unilateral, isolated vestibular lesion induces AIS | One-time measurement | It could not be confirmed that a unilateral, isolated vestibular lesion induces AIS | Level 2 |
Cheung et al. [16] (2002) | Adaptation of a subjectively perceived laser line projection to the earth vertical (horizontal / vertical) in dark surroundings | One-time measurement | AIS patients = control group | Level 3 |
Romano et al. [18] (2008) | Impact of scoliosis on balance and importance for physiotherapy | One-time measurement | Improvement in scoliosis leads to improved balance; training of the functionally impaired vestibular organ is more conceivable therapeutically than orthopedic bony correction. | Level 4 |
Hawasli et al. [6] (2015) | Idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents and the role of the vestibular organ | One-time measurement | Many studies with evidence categories III–IV found a connection between the malfunction of the vestibular organ and scoliosis. However, this could not be confirmed in all studies. | Level 3 |
Hitier et al. [5] (2015) | MRI examination of the orientation of the lateral semicircular canal, position of the semicircular canals to the midline; vestibulonystagmography of the lateral semicircular canal after bithermal caloric irrigation | One-time measurement | MRI: AIS patients ≠ control group | Level 3 |
In AIS patients, the lateral semicircular canal on the left side was more vertical and further from the midline than in the control group | ||||
Krödel et al. [17] (1997) | Body fluctuation with force plate; subjective visual vertical; electronystagmography | One-time measurement | No significant differences between scoliosis patients and control group | Level 4 |
Lambert et al. [13] (2009) | Unilateral labyrinthectomy (n=15); removal of the horizontal and anterior semicircular canal ampoule (n=4) | Until the metamorphosis to the frog is completed | Removal in early larval stage: stagnation of development; removal in the later larval stage: curvature of the body and tail in the direction of the lesion due to weaker contraction of the axial muscles on this side scoliosis in young adult frogs, no skeletal deformations | Level 2 |
Lambert et al. [14] (2013) | Unilateral labyrinthectomy followed by neurological examination of the vestibulospinal pathways | Until the metamorphosis to the frog is completed | Significantly lower increase in SVr discharges on the contralateral side regardless of the strength or frequency of the stimulus; ipsilateral SVr unaffected. | Level 2 |
Pi_alasse and Simoneau [19] (2014) | Balance test by means of a force plate under triggering of the vestibular system with 1 mA (electrode on the mastoid) | 12 Months | 3 Case reports: (1) improvement of balance after surgical correction; (2) no significant improvement through bracing; (3) operative spinal straightening did not adjust the balance ability to that of the control group. | Level 4 |
Pialasse et al. [8] (2013) | Hypothesis that patients with larger Cobb-Winkel (>35°) show more vestibular reactions | One-time measurement | Confirmation of the influence of the vestibular organ in the axial length growth. Further studies are required. | Level 3 |
Pollak et al. [7] (2013) | VEMP of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, latency comparison | One-time measurement | (1) Significantly longer N23 (first negative wave) latencies than controls | Level 3 |
(2) High correlation between the age and N23 latencies on the right | ||||
(3) No correlation between scoliosis angle and VEMP latencies | ||||
Sahlstrand et al. [12] (1978) | Stabilometry using a force plate, fluctuation in the sagittal and lateral direction | 6 Weeks (before the start of treatment, after 1 week, after 6 weeks) | AIS patients with significantly poorer posture control, especially with proprioceptive challenges, both mild and left convex scoliosis had poorer posture control than more severe cases | Level 3 |
Shi et al. [20] (2006) | MRI skull for abnormalities | One-time measurement | Posterior vault of the skull in AIS smaller, left larger than in the control group | Level 4 |