Use of Parathyroid Hormone and Rehabilitation Reduces Subsequent Vertebral Body Fractures after Balloon Kyphoplasty
Article information
Abstract
Study Design
Retrospective cohort study.
Purpose
To evaluate the efficacy of our current prophylactic strategy by investigating the incidence of subsequent vertebral body fractures (SVBFs) following balloon kyphoplasty (BKP).
Overview of Literature
Although extensive studies have investigated the risk factors for SVBFs after BKP, few have reported on postoperative therapies to prevent SVBFs and have evaluated their effectiveness.
Methods
This study enrolled 273 patients who underwent an initial BKP. To treat osteoporosis, parathyroid hormone (PTH) administration was started 1–2 weeks before BKP and continued for at least 6 months postoperatively. Corsets were applied for 3 months after the procedure. Rehabilitative interventions, including hip range-of-motion training, muscle strengthening exercises, and motion/posture instruction, were started from the preoperative assessment time point and resumed 3 hours postoperatively. Corsets were used in all patients. Therefore, no grouping based on corset use was performed. PTH was used in 180 patients, and they were divided into the following two groups: PTH user group and PTH nonuser group. Rehabilitative interventions were provided to all patients for a median duration of 17 days. Patients who underwent rehabilitative intervention for <17 and ≥17 days were included in the short-term and long-term intervention groups, respectively. The incidences of SVBFs for these four groups were compared.
Results
SVBF occurred in 29 patients (10.6%). The SVBF incidence among patients who were prescribed all three prophylactic measures was 6.2%. The PTH user group had a significantly lower incidence of distant vertebral body fractures as compared to the PTH nonuser group. The long-term rehabilitation group had a significantly lower incidence of SVBFs and adjacent vertebral body fractures within 50 postoperative days than the short-term group.
Conclusions
A 17-day or longer rehabilitative intervention may lower the risk of early adjacent vertebral body fractures, and the use of PTH may reduce the risk of distant vertebral body fractures.
Introduction
Balloon kyphoplasty (BKP) for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures has been demonstrated to effectively reduce pain right from the early postoperative period, but it is commonly recognized that the technique is commonly associated with a postoperative complication of subsequent vertebral body fractures (SVBFs) [1–6]. Although it remains unclear whether new fractures are attributable to BKP or to the natural progression of osteoporosis, it is true that new vertebral fractures can occur during the follow-up period after BKP. The use of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and corset wearing have been reported as prophylactic measures for SVBFs following BKP and have been evaluated for their preventive efficacy. However, no single measure has demonstrated an apparent preventive effect. Since the introduction of BKP, we have considered it challenging to prevent SVBFs with a single prophylactic measure and have employed a combination of PTH, corset wearing, and rehabilitative interventions as a basic strategy. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the preventive strategy by investigating and performing an exploratory analysis of the postoperative outcome of BKP at Machida Keisen Hospital.
Materials and Methods
1. Patients
Among the 876 patients diagnosed with fresh vertebral compression fracture at Machida Keisen Hospital from April 2014 to September 2018, 476 underwent operative treatment. Of these, 292 underwent initial BKP for the vertebral compression fractures caused by primary osteoporosis; of these, 273 (82 men and 191 women; mean age at surgery, 81.4 years; range, 66–101 years) who were followed up for at least 1 year were included in this study. The affected vertebrae were in the mid-to lower thoracic spine (T4–10) in 22 patients (8.1%), the thoracolumbar junction (T11–L2) in 186 patients (68.1%), and the lower lumbar spine (L3–5) in 65 patients (23.8%). The mean preoperative bone mineral density (BMD) relative to the young adult mean (YAM) was 76.9% (33%–141%) in the lumbar spine and 67.8% (31%–136%) in the femur. The number of existing fractured vertebrae at the time of injury was one in 21 patients, two in 10 patients, and ≥3 in eight patients. The average duration of conservative therapy from the time of presentation to our hospital was 24.1 days (range, 15–386 days), with 245 patients (89.7%) having a definite date of injury. The mean time from injury to surgery was 31.6 days (range, 22–355 days). The mean number of hospitalization days was 35.8 days (range, 2–241 days).
2. Prophylactic measures
We recommended that all patients be treated with PTH (teriparatide) for osteoporosis and be given weekly or daily doses as per their preferences irrespective of whether they underwent BKP. PTH therapy was started 1–2 weeks before BKP and continued until at least 6 months after the surgery. Those who refused PTH continued to undergo the existing antiosteoporosis treatment if any was being administered at the time of injury, and they were prescribed once-weekly alendronate if no other treatment was administered. After surgery, Jewett-type corsets were applied to the thoracolumbar junction or hard corsets were applied to other parts for 3 months. Patients were instructed to always wear the corset, except when bathing, and were taught how to wear the corset while in the supine position. Rehabilitative interventions, including hip range-of-motion training, muscle strengthening exercises, and movement/posture instructions, were undertaken from the time of preoperative assessment and resumed 3 hours after the surgery (Table 1 and Figs. 1, 2). The patients were allowed to decide how much rest he/she should have based on the degree of pain, except for some restrictions, such as not lifting heavy objects. The periods of hospitalization and rehabilitation were determined at the patient’s request. Rehabilitation was performed every day during the hospitalization period. For patients transferred to outpatient care (including the outpatient rehabilitation program at our hospital), the number of days of outpatient visits was counted as the number of days of rehabilitation.
Details of the rehabilitative interventions (2 units; 40 minutes, in total)
(A, B) Training to strengthen abdominal and back muscle groups by shoulder joint extension/flexion exercise using TheraBand.
Movement instruction to promote anterior pelvic tilt and hip flexion.
3. Endpoint
SVBFs were defined as all morphological fractures of vertebral bodies, including adjacent and distant vertebral bodies, occurring during the postoperative follow-up period, irrespective of the presence of clinical symptoms or mechanism of injury, accompanied by patient complaints of low back pain or radiographic reduction of the vertebral height at follow-up visits (1 week; 1, 3, and 6 months; and 1 year postoperatively) and determined to be a fresh fracture on magnetic resonance imaging.
4. Statistics
Corsets were used in all patients. Therefore, no grouping based on corset use was performed. Rehabilitative interventions were performed for a median duration of 17 days, and patients who received the interventions for <17 days and those who received the intervention for ≥17 days were categorized into the short- and long-term intervention groups, respectively. Basic patient data, including age and BMD/YAM, and the incidence of SVBFs were compared among the following four groups: the no-PTH/short-term intervention (S), no-PTH/long-term intervention (L), PTH/short-term intervention (PS), and PTH/long-term intervention (PL) groups. The distribution of the time of onset of SVBFs, divided into adjacent and distant vertebral body fractures, was compared among these four groups.
Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 20.0 (IBM Japan Business Services Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). For comparisons among the four groups, one-way analysis of variance, followed by multiple comparison tests using the Tukey or Games-Howell method, was performed for age, BMD (%YAM), number of existing fractured vertebrae, and duration of conservative treatment. A chi-square test was performed by analyzing variables such as sex, level of injured vertebrae, and number of SVBFs.
5. Ethics statements
The protocol of this study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Machida Keisen Hospital (IRB approval no., 2019-001), and informed consent was waived because of the retrospective study design.
Results
PTH was used in 180 patients (weekly in 132 and daily in 48). All patients were prescribed corsets, including hard ones, such as the Jewett-type corset (n=263), and soft ones (n=10) that were used because they had already been prepared by the previous physician or because of strong patient preference. Rehabilitative interventions were performed in all patients for an average duration of 31.1 days (range, 1–238 days). The basic data of the four groups are shown in Table 2. The mean ages of the long-term rehabilitation groups (L and PL) were significantly higher than those of the short-term rehabilitation groups (S and PS groups). BMD/YAM was significantly lower in the PTH groups (PS and PL groups) than in the no-PTH groups (S and L groups).
Basic data of the four groups
SVBFs occurred in 29 of 273 patients (10.6%), including seven of 48 patients (14.6%) in the S group, six of 45 patients (13.3%) in the L group, 10 of 83 patients (12.0%) in the PS group, and six of 97 patients (6.2%) in the PL group. Thus, the PL group had the lowest incidence of SVBFs (Fig. 3).
Incidence of subsequent vertebral body fractures in the four groups. The PL group had the lowest incidence, which was less than half that of the S group. PTH, parathyroid hormone; S group, no-PTH group with short-term rehabilitation; L group, no-PTH group with long-term rehabilitation; PS group, PTH group with short-term rehabilitation; PL group, PTH group with long-term rehabilitation.
Of the 29 SVBFs, 19 (65.5%) were adjacent vertebral body fractures, and the remaining 10 (34.5%) were distant vertebral body fractures. The mean postoperative time to onset was 72.7 days for all SVBFs, 57.6 days for adjacent vertebral body fractures, and 101.2 days for distant vertebral body fractures. The distribution of the time to onset of SVBFs showed that >50% of all SVBFs occurred within 50 days of surgery, of which >81% were adjacent vertebral body fractures (Fig. 4). When SVBFs were divided into adjacent and distant vertebral body fractures and their incidences were compared between the short- and long-term rehabilitation groups, the long-term groups had significantly lower incidences of all SVBFs and adjacent vertebral body fractures within 50 days of surgery than the short-term groups (Fig. 5). When the incidences were compared between those who did and did not use PTH, the PTH group had a significantly lower incidence of distant vertebral body fractures as compared to the no-PTH group (Fig. 6).
Distribution of the time of onset of subsequent vertebral body fractures in the four groups. The blue dots indicate adjacent vertebral body fractures, and the white dots indicate distant vertebral body fractures. The postoperative onset days of fractures were plotted along with the numbers of vertebral body fractures. The occurrence of adjacent vertebral body fractures in the early postoperative period was less frequent in the L and PL groups than S and PS groups, in which rehabilitation was performed for ≥17 days. Few distant vertebral body fractures occurred in the PS and PL groups, in which parathyroid hormone (PTH) was used. S group, no-PTH group with short-term rehabilitation; L group, no-PTH group with long-term rehabilitation; PS group, PTH group with short-term rehabilitation; PL group, PTH group with long-term rehabilitation.
Incidence of subsequent vertebral body fractures within 50 postoperative days in the long- and short-term rehabilitation groups. The long-term groups had a significantly lower incidence of adjacent vertebral body fractures (and all SVBFs) than the short-term groups. SVBF, subsequent vertebral body fractures; PTH, parathyroid hormone; S group, no-PTH group with short-term rehabilitation; L group, no-PTH group with long-term rehabilitation; PS group, PTH group with short-term rehabilitation; PL group, PTH group with long-term rehabilitation. *p<0.05.
Incidence of subsequent vertebral body fractures in the parathyroid hormone (PTH) and no-PTH groups. The PTH groups had a significantly lower incidence of distant vertebral body fractures than the no-PTH groups. S group, no-PTH group with short-term rehabilitation; L group, no-PTH group with long-term rehabilitation; PS group, PTH group with short-term rehabilitation; PL group, PTH group with long-term rehabilitation. *p<0.05.
Discussion
The present study showed that the incidence of SVBFs after BKP at our hospital was 10.6%, the lowest among all Japanese reports of the same size that could be identified in our literature search. The incidence was even lower (6.2%) in patients who were prescribed all three prophylactic measures (PTH, corset wearing, and rehabilitative interventions) and was less than half of that in patients with corset wearing alone (no-PTH, short-term rehabilitation). Although most SVBFs occurred within 100 days of surgery, the long-term rehabilitation groups were less likely to experience adjacent vertebral body fractures within 50 days of surgery than the short-term groups. Moreover, patients who used PTH had an incidence of adjacent vertebral body fractures similar to that seen in those who did not use PTH but were less likely to experience distant vertebral body fractures during the study period. On the basis of the currently available data, it is unlikely that PTH was effective enough to prevent adjacent vertebral body fractures at the average time of their onset. The reduced incidence of adjacent vertebral body fractures in the early postoperative period is more likely to have been caused by the rehabilitation. Simultaneously, the average duration of rehabilitation was about 30 days, and it is unlikely that its preventive effect on fractures would last so long thereafter. Thus, it is likely that the reduced incidence of distant vertebral body fractures was attributable to PTH. The combined preventive effect of PTH and rehabilitation may be attributable to the synergy of these two measures. In particular, although neither PTH nor rehabilitation appeared effective in preventing all SVBFs throughout the study period, it can be speculated that a 17-day or longer rehabilitation program reduced early adjacent vertebral body fractures, and PTH use reduced distant vertebral body fractures during the study period, resulting in a low overall SVBF incidence of about 6%.
Although extensive reports have been published on the risk factors for SVBFs after BKP, few have reported on postoperative therapies to prevent SVBFs and evaluated their effectiveness. Although some reports suggested the efficacy of the prophylactic use of PTH [7–10], negative results have also been reported [11,12]. Corsets are commonly used as standard postoperative therapy to prevent the worsening of kyphotic deformities by limiting forward bending of the trunk during posture correction [13]. However, no single measure has demonstrated a clear preventive effect on SVBFs. Moreover, no consensus has been reached on any single risk factor for SVBFs, and it is speculated that a wide variety of factors, in addition to the reported risk factors, such as preoperative local kyphosis, vertebral height restoration rate, BMD, and spinal alignment at the time of injury [14–16], are involved in the occurrence of SVBFs in the actual clinical setting. However, it is impossible to intervene in preoperative risk factors, except to avoid BKP in patients judged to have these risk factors. If postoperative prophylactic measures are to be devised, it is important to ignore the nonmodifiable preoperative factors, but a combination of prophylactic measures that target modifiable postoperative factors is expected to be effective.
Although rehabilitation as a prophylactic measure for SVBFs after BKP has not been reported so far, exercise therapy has long and widely been used for preventing osteoporotic compression fractures and is reportedly effective in preventing compression fractures by strengthening the trunk extensor muscles, improving sagittal spinal balance, and preventing the progression of vertebral collapse [17–19]. In patients who have developed compression fractures, kyphosis due to vertebral deformity decreases muscle contractility in the lower back and increases the load on the anterior component of the vertebrae, that is, vertebral bodies, due to the shift of the load line, making subsequent fractures more likely. Therefore, these patients require muscle strengthening training in the lower back and postural instruction. Moreover, standing up from a seated position that involves forward bending of the trunk and that increases pressure stress on the vertebral bodies is considered another mechanism of occurrence of SVBFs [20], implying the need for hip range-of-motion training and movement instruction. The rehabilitation program provided at our hospital as a prophylactic measure for SVBFs after BKP is based on the same concept, and rehabilitative interventions may help in avoiding postures and movements that can cause SVBFs until such time that PTH therapy becomes effective and prevents kyphosis progression via muscle strengthening.
Among the suggested mechanisms of occurrence of SVBFs after BKP, the hypothesis that cemented vertebrae increase the mechanical stress on the adjacent vertebrae [21,22] and the one that SVBFs are attributable to low BMD and kyphosis seem to be consistent with the risk factors recently reported in Japan [23]. The intervention for these factors requires rapid correction of osteoporosis and maintenance of alignment. For rapid correction of osteoporosis, PTH was among the most potent and rapid-acting treatments for osteoporosis available at the time of writing this report, with weekly PTH administration being the most effective in preventing new vertebral body fractures [24]. It is widely known that exercise therapy performed as a rehabilitative intervention can increase BMD [25], implying the importance of synergy between exercise and PTH therapies. For the maintenance of spinal alignment, one can expect that the vertebral height can be restored during surgery, but some reports suggest that BKP does not provide sustained alignment maintenance [26], and others report that a high vertebral height restoration rate is a strong risk factor [14]. Nevertheless, postural correction via corset wearing and rehabilitation is the only feasible postoperative intervention. Therefore, we combined the following three prophylactic measures to prevent SVBFs after BKP: PTH use, corset wearing, and rehabilitative interventions. In the present study, the combination of all three prophylactic measures reduced the incidence of SVBFs to as low as around 6%, suggesting that our combination of prophylactic measures was more successful than those reported previously.
The present study was only an exploratory analysis of the postoperative outcome of BKP performed at our hospital, and the number of fracture events was insufficient for a multivariate analysis. The rehabilitative interventions performed were not completely standardized for the study and might have slightly varied among physical therapists. Further studies are needed to develop a standardized rehabilitation program and identify methods to evaluate its effectiveness.
Conclusions
The prevalence of SVBFs after BKP in our hospital was 10.3%, lower than that previously reported in Japan, and the prevalence was even lower (6.2%) in patients prescribed a combined prophylactic measure of PTH use, corset wearing, and rehabilitative interventions. A combination of multiple measures should be considered in the prevention of SVBFs after BKP.
Notes
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Author Contributions
MU participated in conception and design, analysis of data, and critical revision of the study. EF, MU, AY, YTabata and YTajima contributed to acquisition of data. MU and TF were surgeons in this study. EF, MU, and AY participated in drafting of the manuscript.