Utility of Discography as a Preoperative Diagnostic Tool for Intradural Lumbar Disc Herniation

Tomiya Matsumoto; Hiromitsu Toyoda; Hidetomi Terai; Sho Dohzono; Yusuke Hori; Hiroaki Nakamura

doi:10.4184/asj.2016.10.4.771

Abstract

Preoperative definitive diagnosis of intradural lumbar disc herniation (ILDH) is difficult despite the availability of various neuroradiological investigative tools. We present a case of ILDH diagnosed preoperatively by discography and computed tomography-discography (disco-CT).The patient was a 63-year-old man with acute excruciating right leg pain. Discography and disco-CT demonstrated leakage of the contrast medium into the intradural space. Based on these findings, a right L5 nerve root disturbance caused by ILDH was diagnosed. A right L5 hemi-laminectomy and a dorsal durotomy were performed. The herniated disc was carefully dissected and then completely removed. Three months after surgery, the patient had fully recovered. This report highlights the importance of making a definitive diagnosis of ILDH preoperatively for better surgical planning and improved clinical outcomes. Furthermore, discography and disco-CT are both useful preoperative diagnostic tools for the diagnosis of ILDH.

Keywords: Intradural lumbar disc herniation; Preoperative diagnosis; Discography

Introduction

Intradural lumbar disc herniation (ILDH) is rare, and the incidence is reported as 0.04%–0.33% of lumbar disc herniations (LDH) [1 2]. The first report of an intradural herniation was presented by Dandy [3] in 1942. Preoperative diagnosis of ILDH is still difficult despite the availability of newer neuroradiologic investigative tools, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [4]. In some reports, the diagnosis is confirmed intraoperatively [2]. The purpose of this report is to present a case of ILDH diagnosed preoperatively by discography, to discuss its differential diagnosis, and to review the relevant literature.

Case Report

1. Presentation

A 63-year-old man who experienced sudden onset of excruciating right leg pain, tingling, and numbness a week prior to admission was presented to our hospital. He had a history of LDH of L4–5 and had undergone conservative treatment at another hospital 5 years prior.

2. Examination

Neurological examination revealed sensory disturbances involving the L5 dermatome on the right side, and muscle weakness of the right tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus and peroneus longus muscle along with attenuated deep tendon reflexes. Straight leg raise test was positive at 20° on the right side. Bladder and bowel functions were normal.

MRI revealed extrusion of disc material and abrupt loss of continuity of the dural sac at the L4-5 disc level as well as a small ovoid-shaped intradural lesion at the level of the right L5 pedicle (Fig. 1). Both T1- and T2-weighted MRI demonstrated an isointense lesion. A plain CT scan revealed the presence of gas in the L4–5 disc and in the spinal canal (Fig. 2). Discography and disco-CT demonstrated leakage of the contrast medium into the intradural space similar to potential findings on a myelographic study (Fig. 3). Based on these findings, the right L5 nerve root disturbance caused by ILDH was diagnosed and surgery was performed.

3. Operation and postoperative course

A right L5 hemi-laminectomy was performed with the patient in the prone position. No significant extradural lesion remained after the hemi-laminectomy. However, a hard mass could be palpated along the dural sac at the L4–5 disc level. The dural sac was swollen and immobile. A dorsal 30-mm durotomy was performed in the midline. After the cauda equina nerve rootlets were carefully retracted, the herniated disc fragment was observed. Based on these findings, we made a definitive diagnosis of ILDH. However, the surface of the intradural herniated disc fragment was totally smooth, and the sharp cartilaginous endplate was partially observed to be protruding from the herniated disc. The herniated disc fragment was carefully dissected and then completely removed under the surgical microscope (Fig. 4). The ventral dura and arachnoid membrane were adherent. After the intradural herniated disc fragment was removed, the ventral dural rent had ragged edges and was adherent to the L4–5 disc space. The ventral and dorsal dural rents were repaired with 6-0 nylon. Histological examination revealed that the lesion was disc material. The patient reported improvement in his radicular symptoms immediately after surgery, and the postoperative period was uneventful. Postoperative MRI showed complete removal of the intradural herniated disc (Fig. 5). The patient recovered fully after 3 months.

Discussion

Intradural disc herniation is a rare condition and comprises 0.27% of all disc herniations [5 6], with about 3% occurring in the cervical region, 5% in the thoracic region, and 92% in the lumbar region [7]. The site most frequently affected by ILDH is L4–5 (51%), followed by L3–4 (21%), L5–S1 (11%), and L2–3 and L1–2 [1].

Migration of the nucleus pulposus into the intradural site requires perforation of the annulus fibrosus, the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL), and the dura mater [2]. The pathophysiology of ILDH is typically attributed to three general mechanisms: (1) congenital thickness of the dura mater and/or a union between the dura mater and the PLL; (2) local inflammation secondary to degenerative disc disease, which can contribute to the formation of adhesions between the dura mater and PLL, leading to spontaneous perforation into the intrathecal site; and (3) postoperative iatrogenic adhesions between the annulus fibrosus, the PLL, and the dura mater leading to perforation [2 8 9]. In the present case, the patient had a history of conservative treatment for LDH of L4–5 five years prior, and the operative findings revealed the protrusion of a sharp cartilaginous endplate from the intradural herniated disc. Therefore, adhesion of the dura mater, caused by chronic inflammation of the herniated disc, combined with a sharp cartilaginous endplate from the herniated disc may had led to occurrence of ILDH in this instance.

An important feature of ILDH is that it is difficult to definitively diagnose preoperatively. Although various imaging tools have been used in an attempt to preoperatively diagnose ILDH, affirmative diagnoses in previous studies have been made intraoperatively [2]. D'Andrea et al. [2] reviewed 122 cases of ILDH described in the previous literature, including their own cases, and reported that only 8 of 122 cases could have been diagnosed preoperatively. They stated that the radiological diagnosis of ILDH is possible in carefully selected patients but that a positive diagnosis can only be made through surgery.

Moreover, the prognosis of ILDH was not as easy to predict as the "typical" disc herniation. In about 67% of cases, satisfactory results are reported, while in 33% of cases, residual neurologic deficit, micturition urgency, sensory loss, and muscular atrophy remained [2].

We considered the difficulty with preoperative diagnosis as a reason for poor postoperative outcome. Choi et al. [10] reported that the postoperative complete neurologic deficit (foot drop) was the result of nerve damage caused by several intraoperative attempts to manipulate the dural sac, possibly because the intradural disc herniation went unnoticed. Therefore, preoperative diagnosis is thought to be absolutely critical for the prevention of postoperative neurologic deficits and for the improvement of postoperative clinical outcomes.

Various neuroradiological investigative tools could be used for diagnosing ILDH. Myelography has not been useful because the myelographic finding of intradural disc herniation is not specific. In about 65% of cases, the finding is of a total myelographic block [11], and it is not always possible to determine an intra- or extradural origin. Hidalgo-Ovejero et al. [8] pointed out the significance of gas within the spinal canal associated with intradural disc herniations. They concluded that the potential presence of ILDH must always be considered in a patient whose CT study shows the presence of epidural gas. In the present case, a plain CT revealed the presence of gas inside the L4-5 disc and within the spinal canal.

MRI findings of ILDH are important for its preoperative identification. Choi et al. [10] suggested that MRI findings demonstrating loss of continuity of the PLL and a sharp, beak-like appearance on T2-weighted images should be considered as indicators for potential presence of an ILDH preoperatively. Floeth reported that the differentiation of an intraspinal/intradural sequester versus an intraspinal/intradural tumorous or cystic space-occupying lesion is usually possible with current high-resolution MRI techniques [12]. The rim enhancement of the herniated disc on a gadolinium-enhanced MRI has been accepted as a typical MRI finding of ILDH [13]. However, the ring enhancement is a result of granulated tissue infiltrating the disc fragment over a long period and acute herniated discs show no rim enhancement [14]. In the present case, it was unclear if a loss of continuity of the PLL and a beak-like appearance on T2-weighted image were present, but MRI showed an abrupt loss of continuity of the dural sac and an intradural tumor-like lesion on the axial view on the T2-weighted image.

There have been very few reports about discography for preoperative ILDH diagnosis. Benyamin et al. [9] reported a case of ILDH incidentally diagnosed during routine discography. It was noted that contrast was not contained within the disc and spread intrathecally with a myelographic appearance during discography. In the present case, we suspected ILDH based on CT and MRI findings, and we performed discography and disco-CT to make a definitive diagnosis. Also, by performing discography and disco-CT, we could distinguish ILDH from other spinal pathologies that must be considered in the differential diagnosis, such as neurofibroma, lipoma, meningioma, epidermoid tumor, arachnoid cyst, arachnoiditis, and metastasis. However, differentiation of these other pathologic causes of pain from ILDH has previously been reported to be difficult [4 15].

This report highlights the fact that it is very important to make a definitive diagnosis of ILDH preoperatively, both for better surgical planning and for improved clinical outcomes. Additionally, discography and disco-CT are useful preoperative diagnostic tools for ILDH. Therefore, we strongly suggest that discography and disco-CT should be performed when ILDH is being considered based upon initial MRI and CT findings.