Addressing Stretch Myelopathy in Multilevel Cervical Kyphosis with Posterior Surgery Using Cervical Pedicle Screws

Article information

Asian Spine J. 2016;10(6):1007-1017

Publication date (electronic) : 2016 December 08

doi : https://doi.org/10.4184/asj.2016.10.6.1007

Bijjawara Mahesh , Bidre Upendra , Shekarappa Vijay , Kumar Arun , Reddy Srinivasa

Department of Spine Surgery, Jain Institute of Spine Care and Research (JISAR), Bhagwan Mahaveer Jain Hospital, Bangalore, India.

Corresponding author: Bidre Upendra. Jain Institute of Spine care And Research (JISAR), Bhagwan Mahaveer Jain Hospital, Vasanth Nagar, Bangalore 560052, India. Tel: +91-9686803495, Fax: +91-8022261153, upibn75@gmail.com

Received 2016 February 24; Revised 2016 April 09; Accepted 2016 April 09.

Abstract

Study Design

Technique description and retrospective data analysis.

Purpose

To describe the technique of cervical kyphosis correction with partial facetectomies and evaluate the outcome of single-stage posterior decompression and kyphosis correction in multilevel cervical myelopathy.

Overview of Literature

Kyphosis correction in multilevel cervical myelopathy involves anterior and posterior surgery. With the advent of cervical pedicle screw-rod instrumentation, single-stage posterior kyphosis correction is feasible and can address stretch myelopathy by posterior shortening.

Methods

Nine patients underwent single-stage posterior decompression and kyphosis correction for multilevel cervical myelopathy using cervical pedicle screw instrumentation from March 2011 to February 2014 and were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively with modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) scoring and computed tomography scans for radiological measurements. Kyphosis assessment was made with Ishihara curvature index and C2–C7 Cobb's angle. The linear length of the spinal canal and the actual spinal canal length were also evaluated. The average follow-up was 40.56 months (range, 20 to 53 months).

Results

The average preoperative C2–7 Cobb's angle of 6.3° (1° to 12°) improved to 2° (10° to −9°). Ishihara index improved from −15.8% (−30.5% to −4.7%) to −3.66% (−14.5% to +12.6%). The actual spinal canal length decreased from 83.64 mm (range, 76.8 to 91.82 mm) to 82.68 mm (range, 75.85 to 90.78 mm). The preoperative mJOA score of 7.8 (range, 3 to 11) improved to 15.0 (range, 13 to 17).

Conclusions

Single-stage posterior decompression and kyphosis correction using cervical pedicle screws for multilevel cervical myelopathy may address stretch myelopathy, in addition to decompression in the transverse plane. However, cervical lordosis was not achieved with this method as predictably as by the anterior approach. The present study shows evidence of mild shortening of cervical spinal canal and a positive correlation between canal shortening and clinical improvement.

Keywords: Stretch myelopathy; Multilevel cervical myelopathy; Cervical pedicle screws; Kyphosis correction; Partial facetectomies

Introduction

The stretch component of the cervical cord seems a likely contributing factor to cervical myelopathy [1 2 3 4 5] apart from non-mechanical factors like ischemia, apoptosis and inflammation [3 4]. Stretch-mediated myelopathy becomes more pronounced in a kyphotic cervical spine [6 7 8]. Furthermore, stretch-mediated diffuse axonal injury and the nonischemic apoptosis of oligodendroglial cells contributes to secondary spinal cord injury in tethered cord syndrome [5 9], whiplash injury and cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) [10 11]. Surgical interventions planned for multilevel CSM with kyphosis need to address the stretch component on the cervical cord along with decompression in the transverse plane. Biomechanically, anterior cervical kyphosis correction with decompression over a fixed length of posterior facet joint complex may result in lengthening of the spinal canal (Fig. 1), whereas posterior compressive correction tends to decrease spinal canal length (SCL).

Fig. 1

The distractive correction of kyphosis achieved by anterior cage placement has a lengthening effect on the spinal cord as the axis of rotational correction falls on the fixed facet joint complex. The compressive correction achieved by partial facetectomies has a shortening effect on the spinal cord.

Kyphosis correction by the posterior approach alone requires partial facet resections and instrumented fusion under compression. However, posterior instrumentation with lateral mass screws fixation is not feasible after partial facetectomies. With the advent of cervical pedicle screw-rod instrumentation, a single-stage posterior laminectomy and kyphosis correction with partial facetectomies facilitates correction of cervical kyphosis along with decompression.

The present study was done to describe the technique of cervical kyphosis correction with partial facetectomies and to evaluate the outcome of single-stage posterior decompression and kyphosis correction in multilevel cervical myelopathy.

Materials and Methods

1. Patients

Nine patients undergoing single-stage posterior decompression and deformity correction for multilevel cervical myelopathy with kyphosis using cervical pedicle screw (CPS) instrumentation at our institute from March 2011 to January 2014 were included in the study. Eight patients had chronic progressive spondylotic myelopathy and the remaining patient (patient 1) had sudden onset quadriparesis with minor trauma superimposed on cervical spondylosis (Table 1). Five patients had four-level decompression and pedicle screw-rod instrumentation, three patients had three levels and one patient had five-level decompression and pedicle screw-rod instrumentation. All patients were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively for clinical improvement using modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) scoring [12] and computed tomography (CT) scans were done postoperatively to assess pedicle screw placement.

Table 1

Preoperative and postoperative radiological parameters of patients involved in the present study

2. Kyphosis

Radiological measurements were done to assess kyphosis using the Ishihara curvature index (l-I [13]) and C2–C7 Cobb's angle preoperatively and postoperatively. Both were calculated on mid-sagittal sections of either magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or CT scans preoperatively and postoperatively, having clear C2–C7 bony landmarks. To determine the Ishihara index, the posterior inferior points of C2 and C7 were joined by a straight line denoting the linear length (LL) of the spinal canal. The transverse distance between the posterior inferior points of C3–C6 and the line LL was designated a3, a4, a5 and a6, respectively (Fig. 2). The Ishihara index was computed as (a3+a4+a5+a6)/LL×100. When postero-inferior points of C3–C6 were behind the LL, the values of a3–a6 were taken as negative.

Fig. 2

Ishihara index (I-I) and C2–C7 Cobb's calculation illustrated on preoperative mid-sagittal magnetic resonance imaging and postoperative mid-saggital computed tomography scan of patient 3. LL, linear length.

1) Cobb's angle, SCL, and LL

Cobb's angle represented the angle between the inferior endplate of C2 and the superior endplate of C7 (Fig. 2). The SCL was determined both by linear method (LL of the spinal canal) and along the curvature of the spinal canal (actual SCL) in the mid-sagittal sections of MRI or CT scans preoperatively and postoperatively. LL was calculated by joining the posterior inferior points of C2 and C7 by a straight line (Fig. 3). The actual SCL was determined by lines drawn from the postero-inferior points of C2–C7 perpendicular to the posterior wall of the respective vertebrae up to the laminae (or extrapolated posterior canal limit in postoperative CT scans with laminectomies). The sum of the lines joining the midpoints of these lines (C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7) represented the actual SCL along the curvature of the cervical spine (Fig. 3). All measurements were made by one author (B.U.) using Surgimap spine software (Surgimap Spine-1.1.2.271 Intl. 2009, Nemaris LLC) with calibrated images of MRI and CT scans. Care was taken to match the mid-sagittal preoperative and postoperative images to avoid discrepancies in measurement.

Fig. 3

Illustrates the linear length (LL) and the actual spinal canal length (SCL) being calculated in preoperative and postoperative midsagittal computed tomography scans of patient 2.

3. Screw placement and follow-up

Screw placement assessment was done by evaluating pedicle screw perforations graded on axial sections of CT scans: grade I perforations had <50% of the screw outside the pedicle and grade II perforations had >50% of the screw outside the pedicle walls [14]. The average follow-up was 40.56 months (range, 20 to 53 months). Clinical complications related to CPS placement and kyphosis correction were also recorded.

4. Surgical technique

A midline skin incision was made and the posterior elements of the cervical vertebra to be instrumented were exposed sub-periosteally. The exposure was carried out far laterally to expose the lateral border of the lateral mass and extended cranially or caudally as required. CPS instrumentation was done at the desired levels using the medial cortical pedicle screw placement technique with partial drilling of the medial cortex, as previously described [15]. Depending on the levels of compression, laminectomies along with foraminotomies were done for central and root canal decompression. Partial facetectomies with removal of caudal edge of the superior facet and the cranial edge of the inferior facet were performed depending on the extent of kyphosis correction required. For partial facetectomies, the medial half to two-thirds of the superior articular facet and the inferior articular facet were drilled with 3-mm cutting burr taking care to stop as the posterior cortex of the superior articular facet was reached. The thinned-out portion of the superior articular facet was removed with 2 mm rongers having thin foot plates over the corresponding cervical root. Most of the facet joints became mobile once the medial half to two-thirds of the joint was excised and was compressed over pedicle screw-rods for kyphosis correction.

5. Avoiding root compression

Aggressive compression from the posterior aspect was avoided to prevent iatrogenic foraminal stenosis. After medial half-facetectomy and final compression, the space for the root was assessed by passing a blunt probe till the root exited from the foramen. Anatomically, the nerve root begins to curve ventrally after travelling the medial half of the facet (Fig. 4) and so has less chance of becoming compressed (Fig. 5). The authors preferred to keep a small portion of the lateral facet intact as it provided a bed for bone grafting for posterolateral fusion at the end of the procedure. The vertebral artery lodged anterior to the cervical root was safe and protected by the root during facetectomies. Correction of kyphosis was achieved by manual head elevation and finally by contoured rod insertion with compression as required (Fig. 5). All foramina were probed before final tightening of the screws.

Fig. 4

Intraoperative photograph showing partial facetectomy with medial half of the facet being removed and the nerve root being visualized.

Fig. 5

Intraoperative photograph showing decompression (laminectomy with foraminotomies) with partial facetectomies and kyphosis correction using pedicle screw-rod instrumentation with compression of partial facetectomies.

6. Statistical analysis

Microsoft Word and Excel (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) were used to generate the tabular data. Pearson's chi-square analysis was used to test bivariate relationships between outcome variables. The change in scores were computed between preoperative and postoperative measures, and bivariate relationships were determined between the changed scores (I-I, SCL, LL, Cobb, and mJOA) preoperatively and postoperatively.

Results

The average age of the nine patients (8 males, 1 female) was 63.3 years (range, 43–78 years). The average preoperative C2–7 Cobb's angle was 6.3° kyphosis (range, 1° to 12°), which marginally improved to 2° (range, 10° to −9°) postoperatively. The Ishihara Index improved from −15.8% (range, −30.5% to −4.7%) to −3.66% (range, −14.5% to +12.6%) postoperatively, accounting for an average improvement of 76.8% (Table 1). The actual SCL decreased from an average of 83.64 mm (range, 76.8 to 91.82 mm) to 82.68 mm (range, 75.85 to 90.78 mm). LL increased postoperatively from an average of 82.0 mm (range, 76.2 to 91.5 mm) to 82.46 mm (range, 76.4 to 91.2 mm) (Table 1) indicating that the preoperative kyphosis was only corrected to the neutral position.

The average preoperative mJOA score of 7.88 (range, 3 to 11) improved to 15.0 (range, 13 to 17) postoperatively (Table 2). One patient (patient 2) had postoperative C5 palsy, which was improved at 8–10 weeks postoperatively. Another patient (patient 5) expired at 30-month follow-up due to an unrelated medical event. The average blood loss was 377 mL (range, 100 to 650 mL) and the average operative time was 179 minutes (range, 90 to 270 minutes) (Table 2).

Table 2

Depicts the clinical parameters with follow-up of patients involved in the study

Sixty-one CPSs were inserted from C3–C7 with the medial cortical pedicle screw technique (Table 3) [15]. Thirty-eight screws were placed within the pedicle; 23 screws (37.7%) showed misplacement with 13 (21.3%) being grade I medial perforations. There was one grade II lateral perforation (Fig. 6) without any clinical consequences. No clinical complication directly related to screw placement was observed.

Table 3

Shows the number of cervical pedicle screws placed in each patient along with the misplacement grades

Fig. 6

A grade II lateral perforation seen at C3 vertebra (in patient 2). There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications due to the screw misplacement. The patient has completed 48-month follow-up.

There was a significant inverse correlation (p=0.031) between the LL difference with a mJOA difference following surgery (r=−0.713). There were no significant bivariate relationships between Cobb, LL, and SCI change following surgery (Table 4).

Table 4

Statistical analysis with pearson correlation and significance of association (p-value) depicted between preoperative and postoperative differences of I-I, SCL, LL, C2–C7 Cobb angle, and mJOA

Discussion

The present results indicate that the actual SCL decreases with kyphosis correction by posterior CPS instrumentation and partial facetectomies. Chiba et al. [16] reported that, despite kyphosis, laminoplasty gave good neurological recovery and avoided a planned anterior surgery in few of their patients. They reported that a decrease in the vertical height had probably contributed to neurological recovery in their patients, despite persistent kyphosis. Therefore, a decrease in SCL along with kyphosis correction is desirable. Presently there was an average decrease of 0.96 mm in actual SCL postoperatively (Table 1). SCL decrease produces slackness in the cervical cord [16]. Despite an increase in the LL of the spine, improvement in mJOA was seen in all patients. A decrease in the LL could have been achieved only if the authors were able to correct the kyphosis to lordosis, beyond the neutral alignment.

MRI studies have measured the cord length in cervical flexion, extension, and neutral position in healthy [17] and CSM [18] patients. These studies consistently reported lengthening of the cord in flexion as compared to neutral or extension. The patho-anatomical changes of the spinal cord in CSM patients [19 20 21] show flattening of the cord antero-posteriorly with the demyelination and gliosis that was most pronounced in the lateral portions of the cord in a cone shaped manner with the base placed laterally. These patho-anatomical findings are not consistent with the theory that antero-posterior compression is the sole primary cause of CSM [22]. Levine [22] provided evidence in a biomechanical model that the findings of lateral column involvement in CSM correlated better with the dural stretch theory. In addition, the cord is tethered to the spinal canal at points of stenosis in the cervical canal [23]. In a human cadaver study, Adams and Logue [24] described the localized increase in dural stretch adjacent to the point of dural fixation by stenotic segments.

Two illustrative cases are described. Patient 1 (Fig. 7) was a 67-year-old male with sudden onset quadriparesis due to a fall 1 week before admission. He had cervical kyphosis with multilevel compressive myelopathy and was operated on using single-stage laminectomy and CPS rod instrumentation from C3–C6 with deformity correction by partial facetectomies. He recovered well and has completed 53 months of follow-up, and is at present ambulatory without support. His preoperative mJOA of 3 has improved to 15. Patient 2 (Fig. 8) is 43-year-old male who presented with progressive spasticity in lower limbs for 6 months and inability to walk since 1 month before admission. His imaging showed a sigmoid cervical kyphotic deformity with myelopathic cord changes. He underwent posterior laminectomies with partial facetectomies for decompression and deformity correction by CPS instrumentation. He developed unilateral C5 palsy postoperatively, which gradually improved by 8–12 weeks. He has completed 48 months of follow-up and is gainfully employed with ability to do all his indoor and outdoor activities without any support. His preoperative mJOA of 8 has improved to 17.

Fig. 7

Examinations of patient 1 reveals the preoperative kyphotic cervical stenosis with intra-medullary signal changes on magnetic resonance imaging and postoperative X-ray and computed tomography scans. Note the effect of partial drilling of the medial cortex with increased tendency of medial perforations by the screws [15].

Fig. 8

Examinations of patient 2 shows preoperative sigmoid kyphotic cervical spine on magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography (CT) scans, and postoperative X-ray and CT scans along with axial sections showing placement of pedicle screws at each level.

The largest study of cervical kyphosis correction with CPS instrumentation comprising of thirty patients was reported by Abumi et al. [25]. There were only four patients with CSM in their series (Table 5). One of the reasons for very few studies [25 26 27 28] on kyphosis correction with CPS instrumentation in CSM is the relatively high incidence of CPS misplacements in CSM patients as compared to other pathologies. The perforation rates are reported to be about 37.5% [29]. Furthermore, the numbers of lateral perforations are reportedly twice that of medial perforations. In the present study, although the authors experienced a misplacement rate of 37.7%, most were grade I medial perforations (21.3%), and 9.83% (8.2% grade I; 1.63% grade II) had lateral perforations (Table 3). A multicenter study [14] on CPS complications reported 75% of CPS perforations were lateral perforations endangering the vertebral artery, in contrast to our results of more medial perforations. This further substantiates the previous report [15] on the decreased lateral perforation rates seen with the medial cortical pedicle screw insertion technique.

Table 5

Comparison of studies evaluating results of decompression, posterior instrumentation, and kyphosis correction in multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy

Surgical management of multilevel CSM with kyphosis has been challenging with the literature showing no single approach to be superior. An anterior-only approach with multilevel corpectomy has been fraught with early mechanical failures with graft and implant dislodgement [30 31]. A combined anterior and posterior procedure has been found to decrease the mechanical failures with good fusion rates and neurological outcome [32]. Wen et al. [33] compared the efficacy of anterior-posterior combined surgery with anterior or posterior alone surgeries in a 255 patient series. Kyphosis correction was better with anterior procedures, but was complicated by implant failures in multilevel decompressions. The combined procedure yielded the best results with good kyphosis correction, neurological recovery and reduced mechanical failures due to rigid fixation, but with increased morbidity of the combined procedure. In this context, posterior alone surgery with CPS is an additional alternative in patients with multilevel CSM with kyphosis, for better kyphosis correction with more aggressive facetectomies and rigid internal fixation, avoiding a combined approach in the elderly.

The present study is limited due to the small number of patients and its retrospective design. However, this needs to be seen in the context of the largest series of cervical kyphosis correction (30 patients) using CPS [25], which included only four patients with CSM. The present study involves measurements made on mid-sagittal sections of preoperative and postoperative MRI or CT scans. All the measurements were made by a single author, who was also involved in the surgery, which could have led to bias in these measurements.

The present study brings to the forefront the concept of surgically addressing stretch myelopathy, which has not received much attention in surgical management of multilevel CSM with kyphosis. This study provides evidence of shortening, albeit minimal, of the cervical spinal canal, with posterior deformity correction using CPS. It also shows a positive correlation between canal shortening and clinical improvement (mJOA), which might be partially due to decompression alone. Either anterior or posterior decompressive surgery provides predictable neurological recovery irrespective of the amount of kyphosis correction [34]. However, long-term results of persistent kyphosis are not encouraging with progression of deformity and deterioration of neurology [35]. Further, it is not yet clear if kyphosis correction and shortening of the SCL has any reversible effect on the stretch mediated axonal and myelin changes in the cervical spinal cord.

Conclusions

Single-stage posterior decompression and kyphosis correction using CPSs for multilevel cervical myelopathy with kyphosis may address the stretch component on the spinal cord in addition to decompression in the transverse plane. However, cervical lordosis was not achieved with this method, as predictably as by the anterior approach. Further studies are required to ascertain the reproducibility of spinal canal shortening by posterior kyphosis correction using CPS and to evaluate any reversible effects on the stretch mediated axonal and myelin changes in the cervical spinal cord.

Notes

Conflict of Interest: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

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