1. Agabegi SS, Kazemi N, Sturm PF, Mehlman CT. Natural history of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in skeletally mature patients: a critical review. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2015 23:714–723. PMID:
26510624.
2. Chang KW. Cantilever bending technique for treatment of large and rigid scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003 28:2452–2458. PMID:
14595163.
3. Sucato DJ. Management of severe spinal deformity: scoliosis and kyphosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010 35:2186–2192. PMID:
21102292.
4. El Masry MA, Saleh AM, McWilliams AB, Tsiridis E, Salah H, El Hawary YK. Concave rib osteotomy: a modified technique revisited. Eur Spine J 2007 16:1600–1603. PMID:
17569995.
5. Suk SI, Kim JH, Cho KJ, Kim SS, Lee JJ, Han YT. Is anterior release necessary in severe scoliosis treated by posterior segmental pedicle screw fixation? Eur Spine J 2007 16:1359–1365. PMID:
17334792.
6. Xie J, Wang Y, Zhao Z, et al. Posterior vertebral column resection for correction of rigid spinal deformity curves greater than 100 degrees. J Neurosurg Spine 2012 17:540–551. PMID:
23062175.
7. Suk SI, Chung ER, Kim JH, Kim SS, Lee JS, Choi WK. Posterior vertebral column resection for severe rigid scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005 30:1682–1687. PMID:
16025041.
8. Lenke LG, Sides BA, Koester LA, Hensley M, Blanke KM. Vertebral column resection for the treatment of severe spinal deformity. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2010 468:687–699. PMID:
19727995.
9. Hamzaoglu A, Ozturk C, Aydogan M, Tezer M, Aksu N, Bruno MB. Posterior only pedicle screw instrumentation with intraoperative halo-femoral traction in the surgical treatment of severe scoliosis (>100 degrees). Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008 33:979–983. PMID:
18427319.
10. Qiu Y, Liu Z, Zhu F, et al. Comparison of effectiveness of Halo-femoral traction after anterior spinal release in severe idiopathic and congenital scoliosis: a retrospective study. J Orthop Surg Res 2007 2:23PMID:
18047681.
11. Zhou C, Liu L, Song Y, et al. Anterior release internal distraction and posterior spinal fusion for severe and rigid scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013 38:E1411–E1417. PMID:
23873228.
12. Bullmann V, Halm HF, Schulte T, Lerner T, Weber TP, Liljenqvist UR. Combined anterior and posterior instrumentation in severe and rigid idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Spine J 2006 15:440–448. PMID:
16408235.
13. Watanabe K, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, et al. Comparison of radiographic outcomes for the treatment of scoliotic curves greater than 100 degrees: wires versus hooks versus screws. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008 33:1084–1092. PMID:
18449042.
14. Gum JL, Lenke LG, Bumpass D, et al. Does planned staging for posterior-only vertebral column resections in spinal deformity surgery increase perioperative complications? Spine Deform 2016 4:131–137. PMID:
27927545.
15. Mehlman CT, Al-Sayyad MJ, Crawford AH. Effectiveness of spinal release and halo-femoral traction in the management of severe spinal deformity? J Pediatr Orthop 2004 24:667–673. PMID:
15502568.
16. Ruf M, Letko L, Matis N, Merk HR, Harms J. Effect of anterior mobilization and shortening in the correction of rigid idiopathic thoracic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013 38:E1662–E1668. PMID:
24335636.
17. Teixeira da Silva LE, de Barros AG, de Azevedo GB. Management of severe and rigid idiopathic scoliosis. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 2015 25(Suppl 1): S7–S12. PMID:
26033753.
18. Chang DG, Yang JH, Lee JH, et al. Pediatric posterior vertebral column resection (pvcr): before and after ten years of age: greater than 10-year follow-up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2016 41:E1271–E1278. PMID:
27144292.
19. Rinella A, Lenke L, Whitaker C, et al. Perioperative halo-gravity traction in the treatment of severe scoliosis and kyphosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005 30:475–482. PMID:
15706347.
20. Kandwal P, Goswami A, Vijayaraghavan G, et al. Staged anterior release and posterior instrumentation in correction of severe rigid scoliosis (Cobb angle >100 degrees). Spine Deform 2016 4:296–303. PMID:
27927520.
21. Yamin S, Li L, Xing W, Tianjun G, Yupeng Z. Staged surgical treatment for severe and rigid scoliosis. J Orthop Surg Res 2008 3:26PMID:
18613982.
22. Cheung KM, Wu JP, Cheng QH, Ma BS, Gao JC, Luk KD. Treatment of stiff thoracic scoliosis by thoracoscopic anterior release combined with posterior instrumentation and fusion. J Orthop Surg Res 2007 2:16PMID:
17937803.
23. Sponseller PD, Takenaga RK, Newton P, et al. The use of traction in the treatment of severe spinal deformity. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008 33:2305–2309. PMID:
18827696.
24. Tokunaga M, Minami S, Kitahara H, Isobe K, Nakata Y, Moriya H. Vertebral decancellation for severe scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2000 25:469–474. PMID:
10707393.
25. Takeuchi T, Abumi K, Shono Y, Oda I, Kaneda K. Biomechanical role of the intervertebral disc and costovertebral joint in stability of the thoracic spine: a canine model study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1999 24:1414–1420. PMID:
10423785.
26. Yao X, Blount TJ, Suzuki N, et al. A biomechanical study on the effects of rib head release on thoracic spinal motion. Eur Spine J 2012 21:606–612. PMID:
21989737.
27. Wollowick AL, Farrelly EE, Meyers K, et al. Anterior release generates more thoracic rotation than posterior osteotomy: a biomechanical study of human cadaver spines. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013 38:1540–1545. PMID:
23680828.
28. Kim YJ, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, Cheh G, Sides B, Whorton J. Prospective pulmonary function comparison of anterior spinal fusion in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: thoracotomy versus thoracoabdominal approach. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008 33:1055–1060. PMID:
18449037.
29. Betz RR, Harms J, Clements DH 3rd, et al. Comparison of anterior and posterior instrumentation for correction of adolescent thoracic idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1999 24:225–239. PMID:
10025017.
30. Koller H, Zenner J, Gajic V, Meier O, Ferraris L, Hitzl W. The impact of halo-gravity traction on curve rigidity and pulmonary function in the treatment of severe and rigid scoliosis and kyphoscoliosis: a clinical study and narrative review of the literature. Eur Spine J 2012 21:514–529. PMID:
22042044.
31. Harms J, Jeszenszky D, Beele B,Ventral correction of thoracic scoliosis. Bridwell KH, editors. The textbook of spinal surgery. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1997. p.611–626.
32. Bradford DS, Tribus CB. Vertebral column resection for the treatment of rigid coronal decompensation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1997 22:1590–1599. PMID:
9253094.
33. Kim SS, Cho BC, Kim JH, et al. Complications of posterior vertebral resection for spinal deformity. Asian Spine J 2012 6:257–265. PMID:
23275809.
34. Suk SI, Kim JH, Kim WJ, Lee SM, Chung ER, Nah KH. Posterior vertebral column resection for severe spinal deformities. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2002 27:2374–2382. PMID:
12438987.
35. Zhou C, Liu L, Song Y, et al. Anterior and posterior vertebral column resection for severe and rigid idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Spine J 2011 20:1728–1734. PMID:
21633792.
36. Wang S, Aikenmu K, Zhang J, et al. The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of posterior-only vertebral column resection (PVCR) for the treatment of angular and isolated congenital kyphosis. Eur Spine J 2015 12 11 PMID:
10.1007/s00586-015-4344-9. [Epub].