Clinical Outcome in Patients with Early versus Delayed Decompression in Cervical Spine Trauma

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Abstract

Introduction

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is estimated to affect over 750 million people worldwide [1]. It has an immense social and financial impact on society. This type of injury is much worse in the cervical region, which is involved in up to one-third of the cases [2]. These injuries may be complete, incomplete or may involve only the nerve roots. Much research is being done to counter the effects of SCI. These therapeutic measures are based on the pathophysiology of both the primary injury that is caused by the sudden compression of the spinal cord, and the secondary injury caused by the activation of cascades after the primary injury [3,4]. The use of steroids has been investigated by the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Studies (NASCIS). There is a proposed modest benefit of methylprednisolone in SCI when it is given within 8 hours of the injury, with treatment initiated within 3 hours being better [5,6]. However, these results could not be validated because of a number of limitations [7].

Surgical intervention in cervical SCI is controversial; however, the timing of surgical intervention is under further debate. The dispute in timing is not limited to early or late decompression, but also extends to the definitions of early and late surgery as these definitions are also not uniform [8]. A number of animal and human studies have already been conducted for establishing the time frame of surgical intervention in SCI. The results have suggested a tendency towards early surgery. However, none of the randomized trials could be conducted on humans because of the obvious risk of delay in surgery.

Materials and Methods

The prospective non-randomized study was conducted from January 2007 to December 2011 at our tertiary care spinal trauma unit. This observational study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of the institution. A total of 98 patients presenting with a cervical SCI undergoing decompressive surgery were recruited in the study. These were divided into two groups on the basis of the time interval from the trauma to the surgery. An effort was made to conduct the surgical procedure as soon as feasible; however, procedures were sometimes delayed due to a number of reasons including late presentation after the trauma, delay in consent or delay due to the medical condition of the patient. Patients who successfully underwent surgery within 24 hours of the injury were classified as the early group (n=34), while those operated on after this period were included in the late group (n=64).

All patients presenting with a cervical cord injury from the C3 to the T1 level and who were aged between 18 years and 65 years were considered. However, patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale of <14 or an American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Score (AIS) grade of E at presentation were excluded from the study. A detailed clinical examination assessing the severity of the injury including evaluation of the AIS, followed by an X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine, was performed on admission (Fig. 1). Any associated injuries were managed accordingly.

Fig. 1

Magnetic resonance imaging cervical spine T2-weighted image showing retropulsion of the C7 vertebral body with severe canal compromise along with signal changes in the cord. There is also a hyperintense signal of a haematoma in front of the body extending up to T2.

Patients with X-ray evidence of locked facets were treated with Gardner-Wells Tongs with the appropriate weight for closed reduction till the surgical procedure and decompression could be performed (Figs. 2,3,4). The number of levels fused was individualized using an appropriate iliac bone graft. Fusion and fixation was done under fluoroscopic guidance. Postoperative X-rays of the cervical spine were taken for confirmation of the reduction and alignment, and to check the position of the implant (Fig. 5).

Fig. 2

X-ray cervical spine lateral view of the same patient showing the alignment of the cervical spine with reduction of the retropulsed C7 body after application of cervical tongs with adequate weights attached.

Fig. 3

Computed tomography scan cervical spine of the same patient performed after reduction.

Fig. 4

Magnetic resonance imaging cervical spine T2-weighted image performed after reduction showing traumatic disc disruption at C6-7 level. A hyperintense signal is seen extending from C5 to T1 signifying cord contusion. There is also evidence of trauma to the posterior ligamentous complex.

Fig. 5

Postoperative X-ray cervical spine anteroposterior and lateral views showing fusion and fixation at C6-7.

Extensive rehabilitation programs were tailored for each patient. Regular outpatient appointments were scheduled to evaluate the neurological status, especially the AIS at the end of the sixth postoperative month, which remained as the primary outcome measure. The researcher collecting the data on the follow-up was blinded about the group to which a particular patient belonged. Odds ratio was used to compare the outcomes of the two groups. The data was analysed using SPSS ver. 19 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Results

Over the 5-year period, 98 patients were included in the study. They were divided in two groups according to the time of the surgical intervention: an early (n=34) group and late (n=64) group. The mean age of the patients was 39.2 years (range, 19-65 years), with 77 males (78.57%) and 21 females (21.4%). Overall, road traffic accidents were the commonest cause of injury with 53 patients (54.08%) in this category, followed by fall and assault. The AIS at presentation was grade A in 36 (36.73%), grade B in 12 (12.24%), grade C in 24 (24.48%) and grade D in 26 (26.53%). There was no significant difference between the demographics (p=0.610), cause of injury (p=0.281) and AIS at presentation (p=0.755) between the two groups (Table 1).

Table 1

Demographics with pre and postoperative AIS

An improvement of at least 1 AIS grade was seen in 18 patients (52.94%) in the early group while it was seen in 25 patients (39.06%) in the late group (odds ratio, 3.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-8.02). Furthermore, AIS grade improvement of ≥2 grades was seen in 7 patients (23.3%) in the early group and 5 patients (8.7%) in the late group (odds ratio, 3.05; 95% confidence interval, 0.89-10.51). However, a maximum improvement of 3 AIS grades was seen in both the groups (Tables 2, 3). A patient in the early group was found to have deteriorated from grade C to B at the 6-month follow-up. The overall mortality in the study was 5.1% (n=5), with 1 death (2.9%) in the early group and 4 deaths (6.2%) in the late group. A total of 6 patients (6.1%) were lost to follow-up during the study.

Table 2

Early surgical intervention

Table 3

Late surgical intervention

Discussion

Acute traumatic SCI is a combination of a primary and secondary injury. The primary injury which is irreversible results from the initial mechanical injury. It is mostly caused by a burst fracture or fracture-dislocation, acceleration-deceleration with shearing, spinal cord distraction or laceration from a penetrating injury. The secondary injury, which is preventable and reversible, is triggered by the primary injury. It is a combination of vascular changes, electrolyte imbalance, neurotransmitter accumulation, excito-toxicity, production of free radicals, inflammation and apoptosis [9,10,11]. It may also result from persistent compression of the spinal cord [11,12,13].

A better understanding of the pathophysiology of SCI has led to the introduction of novel neuro-protective therapies that alter the secondary cascade of injury. These include erythropoietin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-CD 11d antibodies, rho antagonists, minocycline, progesterone, oestrogen, magnesium, riluzole, polyethylene glycol, atorvastatin, inosine and pioglitazone [11,14]. These agents modify the inhibitory SCI cascade, thus promoting axonal growth. However, most of these are still in the phase of preclinicall or clinical trials. One of these drugs is methylprednisolone, which was studied during the NASCIS trials. However, it failed to demonstrate any significant effect as compared to placebo, leading to its being used mostly based on faith [15]. In another large randomized, multicentre, double-blinded clinical trial, "The Sygen," a GM-1 ganglioside, was compared with placebo in two different doses [16].

Cervical traction had been considered for spontaneous neurological improvement in subjects undergoing conservative management [17,18]. However, it has an estimated risk of about 10% of neurological deterioration in patients with incomplete cervical SCI [19].

The surgical approach should be selected on the basis of the type of fracture, the age of the patient and the surgeon's experience. Whereas the biomechanical data suggests greater efficacy of the posterior approach, the anterior approach is usually preferred because it avoids prone positioning of a traumatized spine and allows direct decompression at the anterior site [20,21,22]. Raja et al. [23] concluded in a prospective study on 37 patients that cervical plating improves arthrodesis in patients with sub-axial SCI in addition to improving fusion rates and early rehabilitation.

With ethical issues limiting the execution of randomized controlled trials, the timing of surgical intervention remains controversial. This debate is extended to the definitions of early and delayed surgery. Early surgery has been defined as being as early as 8 hours after the injury up to 4 days after SCI. However, most of the studies have defined a 24-hour limit for early surgery [8].

Levi et al. [24] in 1991 conducted a study on 103 patients with incomplete SCI (group A, 50 patients) and complete SCI (group B, 53 patients), undergoing early (<24 hours) or delayed surgery. A total of 45 patents (group A, 10; group B, 35) underwent early decompressive surgery while 58 (group A, 40; group B, 18) underwent delayed surgery. At discharge, 14 patients (34.1%) from group A (5 [50%] in the early group; 9 [22.5%] in the delayed group) and 5 patients (9.4%) from group B (4 [11.4%] in the early group; 1 [5.6%] in the delayed group) showed functional grade improvement. In 1997, Vaccaro et al. [17] performed surgical decompression on 72 patients (early, 34; late, 38) and concluded that there was no significant difference in the neurological outcome or hospital stay of patients operated on within 72 hours or after 5 days of the injury.

Papadopoulos et al. [25] in 2002 studied 91 patients with cervical SCI. Surgical decompression was performed in 34 (37.3%) within 10 hours while 32 (35.1%) underwent closed reduction within 8 hours and 25 (27.4%) were managed conservatively. The study concluded that early surgical decompression may improve neurological recovery and reduce hospital stay. La Rosa et al. [20] conducted a systemic review in 2004 on 1,687 patients. Surgical decompression was performed in 226 patients (13.4%) within 24 hours and in 567 patients (33.6%) after 24 hours. The review suggested that neurological recovery is improved in patients with incomplete SCI if decompressed within 24 hours.

Chen et al. [21] published a multicentre study on the timing of surgical intervention in SCI. The patients were grouped as urgent (<8 hours), early (8-48 hours), and delayed (>48 hours). Neurological assessment was made preoperatively, postoperatively, at 6 months postoperatively and at 1 year postoperatively. Although the final recovery in both the urgent and early groups was similar, prompt neurological improvement was observed in patients undergoing urgent surgery while patients undergoing early surgery showed gradual recovery. However, no neurological improvement along with increased morbidity was observed at 6 months and at the 1-year follow-up in patients undergoing delayed surgical intervention.

Recently, Surgical Timing in Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study (STASCIS), the largest multi-centre, international, cohort study for acute SCI, was published. The study recruited 313 patients out of which 182 patients underwent early (<24 hours) decompression with a mean of 14.2±5.4 hours until the surgery while 121 patients in the delayed group underwent decompressive surgery with a mean time of 48.3±29.3 hours until the surgery. Methylprednisolone was used during the study as per the recommendations of the NASCIS-2 trial [22]. The study concluded that the odds of at least 2 AIS grade improvement were 2.8 times more in the early group [8]. The study, however, had a high complication rate of 32.2%. The lost to follow-up fraction of the patients was 27% in the study.

Lukas et al. [26] performed a retrospective analysis on 34 patients undergoing surgery for SCI. Patients were grouped into 4 groups according to the injury-to-surgery interval. The Fankel scale was used for assessment of the patients at the 6-month follow-up. A significant difference was found between the patients operated on within 24 hours and after 1 week of the injury. A paired comparison between other sub-groups did not show any significant results because of the limited number of patients in each group.

A multicentre cohort study was conducted in North America using 24 hours as a cut-off margin for early and late surgery. A total of 84 patients (early, 35; late, 49) were recruited, out of which only 55 patients were available for neurological assessment at rehabilitation discharge. A significantly greater proportion of patients showed at least 2 AIS improvement in the early surgery group [27].

Our study had a single-institution, non-randomized cohort with a smaller sample size for acute SCI. The mean time to surgery was 18.4 hours (range, 13-24 hours) in the early group and 52.7 hours (range, 31-124 hours) in the late group, which is comparable to the STASCIS. The complication rate in our study was 11.2% (4 in early and 7 in delayed surgery group). One of the patients in the early group expired during surgery as a result of cardiopulmonary arrest. A total of 3 patients expired in the late group including 2 from pulmonary embolism. One patient in the late group developed bedsores and urinary tract infection. He later died of sepsis.

Conclusions

From our knowledge of secondary injury mechanisms, it can be stated that early surgical decompression dictates a neuro-protective effect. Determining the specific time frame is difficult. Our study suggests that early decompression within 24 hours of the injury had a better neurological outcome defined as at least 2 grade AIS improvement at the 6-month follow-up. Therefore, we recommend early decompression of traumatic SCI in all cases whenever feasible.

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