An Extremely Giant Lumbar Schwannoma: New Classification (Kotil) and Mini-Open Microsurgical Resection

Article information

Abstract

Introduction

Schwannomas are the most common form of intradural spinal tumor, making up almost one-third of primary spinal neoplasms [1,2]. Extradural forms are rare neoplasms, and in addition, giant dumb-bell schwannomas, which extend to anterior vascular structures, are extremely rare [3,4]. Love and Dodge [5] in 1952 first coined the term dumb-bell tumor, reporting a neurogenic tumor with in growths into the spinal canal. In addition, these tumors may grow extensively outside the spinal canal and compress the paraspinal-iliopsoas complexes as well as retroperitoneal vascular structures. Various approaches have been described for treating these tumors [1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11]. The combined antero-posterior approach has mostly been used but it carries the disadvantage of being a two-stage operation [7,9]. Radical resections are needed with both the retroperitoneal and posterior spinal approaches [12]. The mainstay of the posterior approach is gross total resection, classically involving midline or paramedian incisions, bilateral subperiosteal muscle stripping, extensive facetectomy and radical foraminotomy. Fusion is often warranted in order to prevent deformity, pain, and neurological deterioration [3,7,9]. In addition, in our case, the present tumor could not be classified using the modified Sridhar's classification [10] due to both the tumor size and the extension of the tumor to neurovascular structures. We describe an alternative approach, called intermuscular mini-open micro surgical resection, for one-stage removal of extremely giant dumb-bell-shaped spinal tumors. This approach, firstly, developed by Kadir Kotil and not previously reported, provides the simplest and most direct route for resection of giant dumb-bell tumors.

Case Report

A 37-year-old woman presented with a history of chronic right leg pain, paresthesia and minimal distal right leg weakness. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning revealed a large dumbbell-shaped extradural foraminal lesion at the L4-L5 level with significant major vascular extension to structures such as the aorta and inferior vena cava (Fig. 1). A preoperative biopsy was made by a spinal needle percutaneously, and the pathology confirmed the lesion to be a benign schwannoma. The patient was prepared for both the anterior and posterior approaches, and the vascular surgeon waited for us in the operation room to carry out plan B (for the vascular complications). On the right side, a 3.5 cm paramedian incision was made. Two Meyerding retractors were placed into the intermuscular septum. The spinous processes, facet and interspinous ligaments were preserved, exposing the intra-foraminal component of the dumb-bell tumor. We exposed the intra-canalicular component, which was excised using microsurgical techniques. It was possible to preserve the functioning nerve root as only rootlets were embedded in the capsule of the tumor. No other nerve root was sacrificed. Once a generous internal decompression was accomplished, the capsule of the tumor was mobilized. There was a well-defined surgical plane between the tumor capsule and the adjoining vascular structure. Blunt dissection was performed in the surgical plane as the tumor was well separated from major neurovascular structures by the psoas muscle. The tumor was removed piece by piece. There was no invasion of anterior vascular structures and the tumor was easily removed. Postoperatively, the patient's symptoms resolved and she was discharged from the hospital on the first postoperative day. The postoperative MRI showed no residual tumor (Fig. 2). There were no skin problems (Fig. 3). The patient returned to normal activities after 1 week and was asymptomatic with no neurological deficits at the final 3 month follow-up.

Fig. 1

(A) T2-weighted axial image showing a giant dumb-bell-shaped mass extending anteriorly. (B) Post-gadolinium T1W coronal image displaying a heterogenously enhancing giant dumb-bell mass, and lateral displacement of the neurovascular structures. (C) Lateral T2-weighted image showing the horizontal extent of the lesion and (D) widening of the neural foramina.

Fig. 2

Postoperative, contrast-enhanced axial (A) and sagittal (B) magnetic resonance imaging images showing complete excision.

Fig. 3

After complete excision and skin closure.

1. Classification

Sridhar [10] was the first, in 2001, to suggest a classification system of benign spinal schwannoma including giant and invasive spinal schwannomas (type I to V) (Table 1). Afterwards, Park et al. [8] recently reported the use of a new classification system, and Type VI and Type VII were added. But the classification system as defined by Park et al. [8] were inadequate because both the figures and the tumors were not clearly described in their manuscript. However, the present tumor also had a large extradural component which extended to neurovascular structures and it passed to the anterior vertebral column due to the extremely large size of this giant schwannoma. Thus, this tumor could not be properly classified based on Sridhar's classification. If the tumor extends to anterior neurovascular structures in the retroperitoneal plane, the tumor could be type VIII (Table 1, Fig. 4). Our case could not be classified based on Sridhar's spinal schwannoma classification system. Thus, as shown in our case, type VIII must be added to the modified Sridhar classification (Kotil classification) system of benign spinal schwannomas.

Table 1

A new classification of bening nerve sheat tumors of Kotil (Modified Sridhar Classification of bening nerve sheat tumors [Kotil classification])

Fig. 4

This medical illustration shows the new classification system. The tumor has displaced the neurovascular structures antero-laterally. Type 5 was defined by Sridhar et al. [10]. Type VI has been added by us.

Discussion

Complex spinal dumb-bell tumors are challenging surgical lesions. Often these tumors will compress paraspinal and iliopsoas muscle complexes as well as vascular structures. The combined antero-posterior approach has normally been used for its treatment. This approach is time consuming and has the disadvantage of the necessity for the two stages of translumbar and retroperitoneal dissection in the operation [3,4]. With better understanding of the biomechanics of the spine and the evolution of microsurgical techniques, there has been a resurgence of single stage surgeries, among which the intermuscular exposure provides the simplest and the most direct route for resection of an extremely large giant dumb-bell schwannoma [9].

The surgical complications of schwannomas are reported frequently with intradural tumors [6]. The incidence of neurological deficits is reportedly low after sacrificing the affected nerve root during spinal schwannoma treatment. Although the incidence has been widely reported, the operative method for nerve root resection of these tumors has been not clarified.

Firstly, a retroperitoneal postero-lateral approach is made with a long midline skin incision, unilateral subperiosteal muscle stripping from the posterior spinous elements, laminectomy extending to the levels above and below the tumor and radical facetectomy on the side of the foraminal tumor [4]. Removal of all these structures may result in immediate or delayed instability of the spine, muscular damage, and also exposes the major vascular structure to the possibility of inadvertent injury during surgery [5].

Recently, both minimally invasive and mini-open access were presented in many papers [3,4,6,7,8], but there was no report on this approach for an extremely large giant dumb-bell tumor. Lu et al. [7] recently reported the use of an alternative approach, encompassing midline mini-open access with expandable tubular retractors. The 18 patients who underwent the mini-open approach had reduced blood loss and length of stay as compared to the 9 patients who underwent the standard open technique. However, this approach is not feasible in cases of extradural giant dumb-bell schwannomas that typically extend to vascular structures, such as in our case.

Singh et al. [4] recently reported the use of a new approach, one-stage surgery, that was presented for the treatment of giant dumb-bell schwannomas. Although this approach permits single stage removal of the dumb-bell tumor in selected cases, it is a time-consuming and technically demanding technique; additionally, this approach seems to be a very destructive type of surgery, and many complications can be seen with this destructive surgery. The intermuscular mini-open micro surgical resection provides a direct route for the minimal invasive resection of extremely large giant dumb-bell tumors. It provides direct access to the intradural component; hence intradural extension is no constraint for this technique. This approach is based on two concepts. First, there are minimal biomechanical consequences to complete sectioning of the unilateral paraspinal muscles. Second, there is a well-defined surgical plane between the tumor capsule and the adjacent structures.

It is important to assess the degree of anterior spinal involvement of the tumor, or to determine whether anterior column stability is present. The intermuscular approach is appropriate in cases where extensive anterior tumor dissection from the spine is required. We advocate the routine use of a CT scan in the preoperative preparation for all dumb-bell tumors. CT is not only superior to MRI in demonstrating bony involvement, but clearly outlines the surgical plane as well [8]. This permits mobilization of the tumor from its surrounding structures and allows the complete removal of the tumor using a single mini-open microsurgical approach. The most difficult part of extra-canalicular capsule dissection occurs at the most anterior part, as this is the last area to be exposed through the intermuscular approach. Total resection of the tumor capsule is recommended, as there is a significant risk of recurrence at the capsule [6,7,9,11,13], and mini-open micro surgical resection is associated with less tissue destruction. If the tumor is a malignant schwannoma, the tumor may show invasion of neurovascular structures. In this situation, the surgery must be done with both the anterior and posterior microsurgical approaches.

To our knowledge, our case is the first one of an extremely large giant dumb-bell extradural lumbar schwannoma that was resected using mini-open microsurgical resection. This approach may be associated with minimal tissue destruction, translating into less blood loss and quicker functional recovery. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the relative efficacy and safety of minimally invasive resection of lumbar extremely large schwannomas. This approach may decrease the incidence of postoperative deformity, infection, neurovascular injury and eliminate the need for adjunctive fusion surgery. In addition, this study shows a need for modification of the classification (Kotil) system for global schwannomas.

Article information Continued