1. Hudak PL, Wright JG. The characteristics of patient satisfaction measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2000;25:3167–77.
2. Linder-Pelz SU. Toward a theory of patient satisfaction. Soc Sci Med 1982;16:577–82.
3. Ware JE Jr, Davies-Avery A, Stewart AL. The measurement and meaning of patient satisfaction. Health Med Care Serv Rev 1978;1:1315.
4. Copay AG, Glassman SD, Subach BR, Berven S, Schuler TC, Carreon LY. Minimum clinically important difference in lumbar spine surgery patients: a choice of methods using the Oswestry Disability Index, Medical Outcomes Study questionnaire Short Form 36, and pain scales. Spine J 2008;8:968–74.
5. Guilfoyle MR, Seeley H, Laing RJ. The Short Form 36 health survey in spine disease: validation against condition-specific measures. Br J Neurosurg 2009;23:401–5.
6. Stucki G, Daltroy L, Liang MH, Lipson SJ, Fossel AH, Katz JN. Measurement properties of a self-administered outcome measure in lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1996;21:796–803.
7. Anand N, Hamilton JF, Perri B, Miraliakbar H, Goldstein T. Cantilever TLIF with structural allograft and RhBMP2 for correction and maintenance of segmental sagittal lordosis: long-term clinical, radiographic, and functional outcome. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2006;31:E748–53.
8. Andersen T, Christensen FB, Hoy KW, et al. The predictive value of pain drawings in lumbar spinal fusion surgery. Spine J 2010;10:372–9.
10. Berven SH, Deviren V, Smith JA, Emami A, Hu SS, Bradford DS. Management of fixed sagittal plane deformity: results of the transpedicular wedge resection osteotomy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2001;26:2036–43.
11. Blumenthal S, Borgeat A, Nadig M, Min K. Postoperative analgesia after anterior correction of thoracic scoliosis: a prospective randomized study comparing continuous double epidural catheter technique with intravenous morphine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2006;31:1646–51.
12. Blumenthal S, Min K, Nadig M, Borgeat A. Double epidural catheter with ropivacaine versus intravenous morphine: a comparison for postoperative analgesia after scoliosis correction surgery. Anesthesiology 2005;102:175–80.
13. Bouras T, Stranjalis G, Loufardaki M, Sourtzis I, Stavrinou LC, Sakas DE. Predictors of long-term outcome in an elderly group after laminectomy for lumbar stenosis. J Neurosurg Spine 2010;13:329–34.
14. Carreon LY, Sanders JO, Diab M, Sturm PF, Sucato DJ, Spinal Deformity Study Group. Patient satisfaction after surgical correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011;36:965–8.
16. Fujimori T, Iwasaki M, Okuda S, et al. Patient satisfaction with surgery for cervical myelopathy due to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. J Neurosurg Spine 2011;14:726–33.
17. Glassman SD, Hamill CL, Bridwell KH, Schwab FJ, Dimar JR, Lowe TG. The impact of perioperative complications on clinical outcome in adult deformity surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2007;32:2764–70.
18. Hansraj KK, Cammisa FP Jr, O’Leary PF, et al. Decompressive surgery for typical lumbar spinal stenosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2001;(384):10–7.
19. Hessler C, Boysen K, Regelsberger J, Vettorazzi E, Winkler D, Westphal M. Patient satisfaction after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion is primarily driven by relieving pain. Clin J Pain 2012;28:398–403.
20. Katz JN, Lipson SJ, Brick GW, et al. Clinical correlates of patient satisfaction after laminectomy for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1995;20:1155–60.
21. Katz JN, Lipson SJ, Chang LC, Levine SA, Fossel AH, Liang MH. Seven- to 10-year outcome of decompressive surgery for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1996;21:92–8.
22. Khan SN, Hofer MA, Gupta MC. Lumbar degenerative scoliosis: outcomes of combined anterior and posterior pelvis surgery with minimum 2-year follow-up. Orthopedics 2009;32.
23. Kikuike K, Miyamoto K, Hosoe H, Shimizu K. Onestaged combined cervical and lumbar decompression for patients with tandem spinal stenosis on cervical and lumbar spine: analyses of clinical outcomes with minimum 3 years follow-up. J Spinal Disord Tech 2009;22:593–601.
24. Kim YJ, Bridwell KH, Lenke LG, Rhim S, Cheh G. Pseudarthrosis in long adult spinal deformity instrumentation and fusion to the sacrum: prevalence and risk factor analysis of 144 cases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2006;31:2329–36.
26. Kong CB, Jeon DW, Chang BS, Lee JH, Suk KS, Park JB. Outcome of spinal fusion for lumbar degenerative disease: a cross-sectional study in Korea. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010;35:1489–94.
27. L’Heureux EA Jr, Perra JH, Pinto MR, Smith MD, Denis F, Lonstein JE. Functional outcome analysis including preoperative and postoperative SF-36 for surgically treated adult isthmic spondylolisthesis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003;28:1269–74.
28. Licina P, Johnston M, Ewing L, Pearcy M. Patient expectations, outcomes and satisfaction: related, relevant or redundant? Evid Based Spine Care J 2012;3:13–9.
30. North RB, Kidd DH, Farrokhi F, Piantadosi SA. Spinal cord stimulation versus repeated lumbosacral spine surgery for chronic pain: a randomized, controlled trial. Neurosurgery 2005;56:98–106.
31. Ohnmeiss DD, Rashbaum RF. Patient satisfaction with spinal cord stimulation for predominant complaints of chronic, intractable low back pain. Spine J 2001;1:358–63.
32. Rajpal S, Gordon DB, Pellino TA, et al. Comparison of perioperative oral multimodal analgesia versus IV PCA for spine surgery. J Spinal Disord Tech 2010;23:139–45.
34. Sinikallio S, Aalto T, Airaksinen O, et al. Lumbar spinal stenosis patients are satisfied with short-term results of surgery: younger age, symptom severity, disability and depression decrease satisfaction. Disabil Rehabil 2007;29:537–44.
35. Skolasky RL, Albert TJ, Vaccaro AR, Riley LH 3rd. Patient satisfaction in the cervical spine research society outcomes study: relationship to improved clinical outcome. Spine J 2009;9:232–9.
36. Stucki G, Liang MH, Fossel AH, Katz JN. Relative responsiveness of condition-specific and generic health status measures in degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. J Clin Epidemiol 1995;48:1369–78.
37. Tuite GF, Stern JD, Doran SE, et al. Outcome after laminectomy for lumbar spinal stenosis: part I: clinical correlations. J Neurosurg 1994;81:699–706.
38. Willems PC, Elmans L, Anderson PG, van der Schaaf DB, de Kleuver M. Provocative discography and lumbar fusion: is preoperative assessment of adjacent discs useful? Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2007;32:1094–9.
39. Yamashita K, Hayashi J, Ohzono K, Hiroshima K. Correlation of patient satisfaction with symptom severity and walking ability after surgical treatment for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003;28:2477–81.
40. Yamashita K, Ohzono K, Hiroshima K. Patient satisfaction as an outcome measure after surgical treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis: testing the validity and discriminative ability in terms of symptoms and functional status. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2006;31:2602–8.
41. Zanoli G, Stromqvist B, Jonsson B. Visual analog scales for interpretation of back and leg pain intensity in patients operated for degenerative lumbar spine disorders. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2001;26:2375–80.
42. Emami A, Deviren V, Berven S, Smith JA, Hu SS, Bradford DS. Outcome and complications of long fusions to the sacrum in adult spine deformity: luquegalveston, combined iliac and sacral screws, and sacral fixation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2002;27:776–86.
43. Anand N, Regan JJ. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for thoracic disc disease: classification and outcome study of 100 consecutive cases with a 2-year minimum follow-up period. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2002;27:871–9.
45. Godil SS, Parker SL, Zuckerman SL, et al. Determining the quality and effectiveness of surgical spine care: patient satisfaction is not a valid proxy. Spine J 2013;13:1006–12.
46. Iversen MD, Daltroy LH, Fossel AH, Katz JN. The prognostic importance of patient pre-operative expectations of surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis. Patient Educ Couns 1998;34:169–78.
47. Newton PO, Upasani VV, Bastrom TP, Marks MC. The deformity-flexibility quotient predicts both patient satisfaction and surgeon preference in the treatment of Lenke 1B or 1C curves for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2009;34:1032–9.
48. Pratt RK, Fairbank JC, Virr A. The reliability of the Shuttle Walking Test, the Swiss Spinal Stenosis Questionnaire, the Oxford Spinal Stenosis Score, and the Oswestry Disability Index in the assessment of patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2002;27:84–91.
49. Ronnberg K, Lind B, Zoega B, Halldin K, Gellerstedt M, Brisby H. Patients’ satisfaction with provided care/information and expectations on clinical outcome after lumbar disc herniation surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2007;32:256–61.
50. Siepe CJ, Tepass A, Hitzl W, et al. Dynamics of improvement following total lumbar disc replacement: is the outcome predictable? Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2009;34:2579–86.
51. Soroceanu A, Ching A, Abdu W, McGuire K. Relationship between preoperative expectations, satisfaction, and functional outcomes in patients undergoing lumbar and cervical spine surgery: a multicenter study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012;37:E103–8.
52. Carr FA, Healy KM, Villavicencio AT, et al. Effect on clinical outcomes of patient pain expectancies and preoperative Mental Component Summary scores from the 36-item Short Form Health Survey following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. J Neurosurg Spine 2011;15:486–90.
53. De Groot KI, Boeke S, Passchier J. Preoperative expectations of pain and recovery in relation to postoperative disappointment in patients undergoing lumbar surgery. Med Care 1999;37:149–56.
54. Derby R, Lettice JJ, Kula TA, Lee SH, Seo KS, Kim BJ. Single-level lumbar fusion in chronic discogenic low-back pain: psychological and emotional status as a predictor of outcome measured using the 36-item Short Form. J Neurosurg Spine 2005;3:255–61.
56. McGregor AH, Hughes SP. The evaluation of the surgical management of nerve root compression in patients with low back pain: part 2: patient expectations and satisfaction. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2002;27:1471–6.
57. Toyone T, Tanaka T, Kato D, Kaneyama R, Otsuka M. Patients’ expectations and satisfaction in lumbar spine surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005;30:2689–94.
58. Atlas SJ, Keller RB, Robson D, Deyo RA, Singer DE. Surgical and nonsurgical management of lumbar spinal stenosis: four-year outcomes from the Maine Lumbar Spine Study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2000;25:556–62.
59. Daltroy LH, Cats-Baril WL, Katz JN, Fossel AH, Liang MH. The North American Spine Society lumbar spine outcome assessment instrument: reliability and validity tests. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1996;21:741–9.
60. Fritzell P, Knutsson B, Sanden B, Stromqvist B, Hagg O. Recurrent versus primary lumbar disc herniation surgery: patient-reported outcomes in the Swedish Spine Register Swespine. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2015;473:1978–84.
62. Jagannathan J, Chankaew E, Urban P, et al. Cosmetic and functional outcomes following paramedian and anterolateral retroperitoneal access in anterior lumbar spine surgery. J Neurosurg Spine 2008;9:454–65.
63. Katz JN, Stucki G, Lipson SJ, Fossel AH, Grobler LJ, Weinstein JN. Predictors of surgical outcome in degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1999;24:2229–33.
64. Knutsson B, Michaelsson K, Sanden B. Obesity is associated with inferior results after surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis: a study of 2633 patients from the Swedish Spine Register. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013;38:435–41.
65. North RB, Ewend MG, Lawton MT, Kidd DH, Piantadosi S. Failed back surgery syndrome: 5-year follow-up after spinal cord stimulator implantation. Neurosurgery 1991;28:692–9.
67. Sanden B, Forsth P, Michaelsson K. Smokers show less improvement than nonsmokers two years after surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis: a study of 4555 patients from the Swedish Spine Register. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011;36:1059–64.
68. Slosar PJ, Reynolds JB, Schofferman J, Goldthwaite N, White AH, Keaney D. Patient satisfaction after circumferential lumbar fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2000;25:722–6.
69. BenDebba M, Heller J, Ducker TB, Eisinger JM. Cervical spine outcomes questionnaire: its development and psychometric properties. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2002;27:2116–23.
72. Auerbach JD, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, et al. Major complications and comparison between 3-column osteotomy techniques in 105 consecutive spinal deformity procedures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012;37:1198–210.
73. Kaptain GJ, Simmons NE, Replogle RE, Pobereskin L. Incidence and outcome of kyphotic deformity following laminectomy for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Neurosurg 2000;93(2 Suppl): 199–204.
74. Kornblum MB, Fischgrund JS, Herkowitz HN, Abraham DA, Berkower DL, Ditkoff JS. Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis with spinal stenosis: a prospective long-term study comparing fusion and pseudarthrosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2004;29:726–33.
75. Mannion AF, Fekete TF, O’Riordan D, et al. The assessment of complications after spine surgery: time for a paradigm shift? Spine J 2013;13:615–24.
77. Ohnmeiss DD, Bodemer W, Zigler JE. Effect of adverse events on low back surgery outcome: twentyfour-month follow-up results from a Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemptiontrial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010;35:835–8.
78. Porchet F, Lattig F, Grob D, et al. Comparison of patient and surgeon ratings of outcome 12 months after spine surgery: presented at the 2009 Joint Spine Section Meeting. J Neurosurg Spine 2010;12:447–55.
79. Schiffman M, Brau SA, Henderson R, Gimmestad G. Bilateral implantation of low-profile interbody fusion cages: subsidence, lordosis, and fusion analysis. Spine J 2003;3:377–87.
80. Kjellby-Wendt G, Styf J. Early active training after lumbar discectomy: a prospective, randomized, and controlled study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1998;23:2345–51.
81. Lorish TR, Tanabe CT, Waller FT, London MR, Lansky DJ. Correlation between health outcome and length of hospital stay in lumbar microdiscectomy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1998;23:2195–200.
82. Aharony L, Strasser S. Patient satisfaction: what we know about and what we still need to explore. Med Care Rev 1993;50:49–79.
83. Carr-Hill RA. The measurement of patient satisfaction. J Public Health Med 1992;14:236–49.